Distribution data supplied by the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS). To interrogate UK data visit the NBN Atlas.Map Help
Researched by | Nicola White | Refereed by | Dr Stefan Kraan |
Authority | Linnaeus, 1753 | ||
Other common names | - | Synonyms | - |
The bladder wrack Fucus vesiculosus is a large brown algae, common on the middle shore. It can be found in high densities living for about 4-5 years (S. Kraan, pers. comm.). Under sheltered conditions, the fronds have been known to grow up to 2 m in Maine, America (Wippelhauser, 1996).
- none -
Phylum | Ochrophyta | Brown and yellow-green seaweeds |
Class | Phaeophyceae | |
Order | Fucales | |
Family | Fucaceae | |
Genus | Fucus | |
Authority | Linnaeus, 1753 | |
Recent Synonyms |
Typical abundance | High density | ||
Male size range | Up to 1.5m | ||
Male size at maturity | 15-20cm | ||
Female size range | 15-20cm | ||
Female size at maturity | |||
Growth form | Foliose | ||
Growth rate | 0.48cm/week | ||
Body flexibility | |||
Mobility | |||
Characteristic feeding method | Autotroph | ||
Diet/food source | |||
Typically feeds on | |||
Sociability | |||
Environmental position | Epifloral | ||
Dependency | Independent. | ||
Supports | None | ||
Is the species harmful? | No |
Air bladders or vesicles are produced annually to make the frond float upwards when immersed, except at highly exposed coasts where no air bladders are produced (S. Kraan, pers. comm.). Fucus vesiculosus supports few colonial organisms, but provides substratum and shelter for the tube worm Spirorbis spirorbis, herbivorous isopods, such as Idotea, and surface grazing snails, such as Littorina obtusata.
Growth Rate
The growth rate of fucoids is known to vary both geographically and seasonally (Lehvo et al., 2001). Relative growth rate can vary from 0.05-0.14 cm/day depending on temperature and light conditions (S. Kraan, pers. comm.). The increase in growth rate for Fucus vesiculosus at 10, 12.5 and 15 °C was found to be, on average, 280% higher than it was at 7 °C (Strömgren, 1977). In the northern Baltic, the highest relative growth rate of vegetative branches for Fucus vesiculosus was observed in the summer (up to 0.7% / day ) compared to winter growth (less than 0.3% / day). In Sweden, growth rates of 0.7-0.8 cm / week were reported over the summer months of June and August (Carlson, 1991).
Growth rate can also vary with exposure. In Scotland, Fucus vesiculosus at Sgeir Bhuidhe, a very exposed site, grew about 0.31 cm / week whereas plants at Ascophyllum Rock grew an average of 0.68 cm / week (Knight & Parke, 1950). The proportion of energy allocated between vegetative and reproductive growth also varies throughout the year. In the northern Baltic, reproductive branches experienced a peak in growth rate in mid April where the relative growth rate was almost 0.1% / day (Lehvo et al., 2001).
Physiographic preferences | Open coast, Strait / sound, Sea loch / Sea lough, Ria / Voe, Estuary, Enclosed coast / Embayment |
Biological zone preferences | Mid eulittoral, Upper eulittoral |
Substratum / habitat preferences | Artificial (man-made), Bedrock, Cobbles, Gravel / shingle, Large to very large boulders, Pebbles, Small boulders |
Tidal strength preferences | Moderately Strong 1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.), Strong 3 to 6 knots (1.5-3 m/sec.), Very Weak (negligible), Weak < 1 knot (<0.5 m/sec.) |
Wave exposure preferences | Moderately exposed, Sheltered, Very sheltered |
Salinity preferences | Full (30-40 psu), Reduced (18-30 psu), Variable (18-40 psu) |
Depth range | Not relevant |
Other preferences | No text entered |
Migration Pattern | Non-migratory / resident |
Global distribution
Fucus vesiculosus is found in the Baltic Sea, Faroes, Norway (including Spitsbergen), Sweden, Britain, Ireland, the Atlantic coast of France, Spain and Morocco, Madeira, the Azores, Portugal, the North Sea coast of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium and the eastern shores of United States and Canada.
Reproductive type | Gonochoristic (dioecious) | |
Reproductive frequency | Annual episodic | |
Fecundity (number of eggs) | >1,000,000 | |
Generation time | 1-2 years | |
Age at maturity | Insufficient information | |
Season | Winter - Summer | |
Life span | 2-5 years |
Larval/propagule type | - |
Larval/juvenile development | Not relevant |
Duration of larval stage | No information |
Larval dispersal potential | No information |
Larval settlement period | Insufficient information |
The MarLIN sensitivity assessment approach used below has been superseded by the MarESA (Marine Evidence-based Sensitivity Assessment) approach (see menu). The MarLIN approach was used for assessments from 1999-2010. The MarESA approach reflects the recent conservation imperatives and terminology and is used for sensitivity assessments from 2014 onwards.
Intolerance | Recoverability | Sensitivity | Evidence/Confidence | |
Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
Fucus vesiculosus attaches permanently to the substratum, and would therefore be removed upon substratum loss. However, this factor is not thought to lead to the mass mortality of the population (S. Kraan, pers. comm.) and therefore intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Recovery would be high due to the high fecundity of the species and it's widespread distribution. Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery takes 1-3 years (Holt et al., 1997). | ||||
High | High | Moderate | Low | |
If smothering occurs while the tide is out all surfaces of the plant will be covered in sediment, preventing photosynthesis. If smothering occurs while the plant is immersed fewer surfaces will be covered, allowing photosynthesis to continue. Germlings will be smothered and die. Recovery should be high due to the high fecundity of the species and it's widespread distribution. Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery takes 1-3 years. | ||||
Low | Immediate | Not sensitive | Low | |
Siltation may cover some of the fronds and so reduce light available for photosynthesis and lower growth rates. Once silt is removed the growth rate should rapidly recover. | ||||
No information | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
Fucus vesiculosus can tolerate desiccation until the water content is reduced to 30%. If desiccation occurs beyond this level, irreversible damage occurs. The plants at the top of the range probably live at the upper limit of their physiological tolerance and therefore are likely to be unable to tolerate increased desiccation and would be displaced by more physiologically tolerant species. However, individuals at the lower limit of the species distributional range would probably survive so intolerance is reported to be intermediate. Decreased levels of desiccation may result in the species colonizing further up the shore. Recovery would be rapid due to the high fecundity of the species, its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal.Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years. | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
The primary effect of emersion upon algae would be desiccation. Emersion for just 4 hours on a sunny day can reduce the water content of Fucus vesiculosus to just 30 percent. This is the critical water content for the alga and water loss beyond this would cause irreversible damage. The species cannot tolerate increased emersion. Increases in the period of emersion would cause plants to die at the upper limit of the species. Fucus vesiculosus survives readily in fully submerged conditions where lowered salinity reduces the range of competing organisms. However, a reduction in the period of emersion under fully saline conditions may result in the plants at the bottom of the species distribution on the shore being out-competed by algae that normally grow further down the shore and the upper limit of the species distribution may extend up the shore. Recovery would be high due to the high fecundity of the species, its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal.Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years. | ||||
No information | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Low | |
Increase in water flow rate may cause some of the plants to be torn off the substratum or the plants with substratum to be mobilized. The presence of air bladders increases the species drag making it more vulnerable to being removed. Recovery would be high due to the high fecundity of the species and its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal.Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years. | ||||
No information | ||||
Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
Fucus vesiculosus can withstand a wide range of temperatures. Plants have been found to tolerate -30°C in Maine for several weeks and temperatures as high as 30°C (Lüning, 1990). However, at the former temperature, intercellular and extracellular ice crystals form which would cause some damage to the plant (S. Kraan, pers. comm.). The species is well within its temperature range in the UK so would not be affected by a change of 5°C. The species showed no sign of damage during the extremely hot summer of 1983, when the average temperature was 8°C hotter than normal (Hawkins & Hartnoll, 1985). | ||||
No information | ||||
Low | Immediate | Not sensitive | Moderate | |
Increased turbidity may reduce plant growth rates by reducing light available for photosynthesis. The compensation point for photosynthesis for Fucus vesiculosus was found to be ca. 25 µmol /m /sec along the Gulf of Finland. Below this point, the alga must rely on internal energy reserves to survive. A reduction in turbidity at the level at the benchmark level should have no effect. Once turbidity is restored to normal, the growth rate of the species would be quickly restored. | ||||
No information | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
Fucoids may be torn off the substratum by increased wave action. As exposure increases the fucoid population would become dominated by small juvenile plants. An increase in wave action beyond this would lead to dominance of the community by grazers and barnacles at the expense of fucoids. A reduction in wave action would have little effect as the species is naturally found in sheltered conditions. Recovery would be high upon return to sheltered conditions due to the high fecundity of the species and its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal.Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery takes 1-3 years (Holt et al., 1997). | ||||
No information | ||||
Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | Not relevant | |
Seaweeds have no known mechanism for perception of noise. | ||||
Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | Not relevant | |
Seaweeds have no known mechanism of visual perception. | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
Abrasion may cause damage to the fronds and germlings of Fucus vesiculosus. Abrasion may be caused by human trampling which can have a significant impact on shores, reducing the cover of fucoids (Holt et al., 1997). Recovery would be high upon return to normal conditions due to the high fecundity of the species and its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal. Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery takes 1-3 years. | ||||
High | High | Moderate | Moderate | |
Fucus vesiculosus is permanently attached to the substratum and would not be able to re-attach itself if removed. Recovery would be high upon return to normal conditions due to the high fecundity of the species and its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal.Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years (Holt et al., 1997). |
Intolerance | Recoverability | Sensitivity | Evidence/Confidence | |
Intermediate | High | Low | Low | |
Fucoids are generally quite robust in terms of chemical pollution (Holt et al., 1997). However, Fucus vesiculosus is extraordinarily highly intolerant of chlorate, such as from pulp mill effluents. In the Baltic, the species has disappeared in the vicinity of pulp mill discharge points and is affected even at immediate and remote distances (Kautsky, 1992). Recovery would be high upon return to normal conditions due to the high fecundity of the species, its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal.Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years (Holt et al., 1997). | ||||
Low | High | Low | Moderate | |
Fucoids accumulate heavy metals and may be used as indicators to monitor these. It is generally accepted that adult plants are relatively tolerant of heavy metal pollution (Holt et al., 1997). However, local variation exists in the tolerance to copper. Plants from highly copper polluted areas can be very tolerant, while those from unpolluted areas suffer significantly reduced growth rates at 25 micrograms per litre. | ||||
Low | High | Low | High | |
Fucus vesiculosus shows limited intolerance to oil. After the Amoco Cadiz oil spill it was observed that Fucus vesiculosus suffered very little (Floc'h & Diouris, 1980). Indeed, Fucus vesiculosus, may increase significantly in abundance on a shore where grazing gastropods have been killed by oil. However, very heavy fouling could reduce light available for photosynthesis and in Norway a heavy oil spill reduced fucoid cover. Recovery occurred within two years in moderately exposed conditions and four years in shelter (Holt et al., 1997). | ||||
No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
Brown algae readily accumulate radionuclides and have been routinely used in temperate latitudes as biomonitors of radionuclide pollution (van der Ben & Bonotto, 1991; Fowler, 1979, cited in Boisson et al.,1997). In the Irish Sea, much higher activities of alpha and gamma radionuclides were observed at sites in close proximity to Sellafield compared to other sites on the coast (Thompson et al., 1982). Temperature has been shown to affect the uptake of some radionuclides and their subsequent bioaccumulation in Fucus vesiculosus (Boisson et al., 1997). More importantly, any contaminants bioaccumulated in the alga can enter the food chain through, for example, grazers such as sea urchins. In 2003 the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland produced a study focussing on assessing radioactivity exposure to the public and monitoring radioactivity in the marine environment of the Irish Sea (Ryan et al., 2003). In Fucus vesiculosus, activity concentration of the artificial radionuclide caesium-137 was found to have fallen dramatically since 1983 with concentrations ranging from 1.2-5.8 Bq/kg in 2000/2001. Concentrations of technitium-99 averaged between 264-3905 Bq/kg over the same period and concentrations were shown to have been declining since 1998 (Ryan et al., 2003). However, the actual effects of radionuclide accumulation in the alga are not well documented and accordingly, insufficient information has been suggested for this section. | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
Nutrients are essential for algal growth and are often a limiting factor. When plants grow in high densities they are usually competing for nutrients. Increased nutrients may lead to eutrophication, overgrowth by green algae and reduced oxygen levels. However, fucoids appear relatively resistant to sewage and they grow within 20m of an outfall discharging sewage from the Isle of Man (Holt et al., 1997). | ||||
Low | High | Low | Low | |
Fucus vesiculosus tolerates a wide range of salinities, as evidenced by it's penetration into the Baltic. Being an intertidal species it must withstand occasional conditions of hyposalinity during precipitation and hypersalinity during sunny or windy periods. In the UK, the species tolerates salinity down to 11 psu, below which it is replaced by Fucus ceranoides (Suryono & Hardy, 1997). The growth of germlings at 35 was found to be greatly reduced compared to growth at 31 . Recovery would be high upon return to normal salinity conditions due to the high fecundity of the species and its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal. Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years (Holt et al., 1997). | ||||
No information | ||||
No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
Insufficient information |
Intolerance | Recoverability | Sensitivity | Evidence/Confidence | |
No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
Insufficient information | ||||
No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
Insufficient information | ||||
Intermediate | High | Low | Not relevant | |
Over harvesting could occur on easily accessible shores if harvesting of Fucus vesiculosus increased significantly. Provided the plant is not removed entirely the algae can regenerate from the remaining stem. Recovery would be high due to the high fecundity of the species and its widespread distribution and capacity for dispersal. Fucus vesiculosus recruits readily to cleared areas of the shore although full recovery may take 1-3 years. | ||||
No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
Insufficient information |
- no data -
National (GB) importance | - | Global red list (IUCN) category | - |
Native | - | ||
Origin | - | Date Arrived | - |
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Berger, R., Malm, T. & Kautsky, L., 2001. Two reproductive strategies in Baltic Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae). European Journal of Phycology, 36, 265-273.
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Thompson, N., Cross, J.E., Miller, R.M. & Day, J.P., 1982. Alpha and gamma radioactivity in Fucus vesiculosus from the Irish Sea. Environmental Pollution (Serries B), 3, 11-19.
Van der Ben, D. & Bonotto, S., 1991. Utilization of brown algae for monitoring the radioactive contamination of the marine environment. Oebalia, 17, 143-153.
Wippelhauser, G.S., 1996. Ecology and management of Maine's eelgrass, rockweed, and kelps. Augusta: Department of Conservation.
Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre, 2017. BRERC species records recorded over 15 years ago. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/h1ln5p accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25.
Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre, 2017. BRERC species records within last 15 years. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/vntgox accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25.
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Cofnod – North Wales Environmental Information Service, 2018. Miscellaneous records held on the Cofnod database. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/hcgqsi accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25.
Environmental Records Information Centre North East, 2018. ERIC NE Combined dataset to 2017. Occurrence dataset: http://www.ericnortheast.org.ukl accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-38
Fenwick, 2018. Aphotomarine. Occurrence dataset http://www.aphotomarine.com/index.html Accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2014. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/erweal accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2015. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/xtrbvy accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2016. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/146yiz accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. Biological survey of the intertidal chalk reefs between Folkestone Warren and Kingsdown, Kent 2009-2011. Occurrence dataset: https://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01.
Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. Kent Wildlife Trust Shoresearch Intertidal Survey 2004 onwards. Occurrence dataset: https://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01.
Lancashire Environment Record Network, 2018. LERN Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/esxc9a accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2017. Isle of Man wildlife records from 01/01/2000 to 13/02/2017. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/mopwow accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
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Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2018. Isle of Man historical wildlife records 1995 to 1999. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/lo2tge accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
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National Trust, 2017. National Trust Species Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/opc6g1 accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
NBN (National Biodiversity Network) Atlas. Available from: https://www.nbnatlas.org.
Norfolk Biodiversity Information Service, 2017. NBIS Records to December 2016. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/jca5lo accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
OBIS (Ocean Biodiversity Information System), 2023. Global map of species distribution using gridded data. Available from: Ocean Biogeographic Information System. www.iobis.org. Accessed: 2023-06-07
Outer Hebrides Biological Recording, 2018. Non-vascular Plants, Outer Hebrides. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/goidos accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2018. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Herbarium (E). Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/ypoair accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.
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Suffolk Biodiversity Information Service., 2017. Suffolk Biodiversity Information Service (SBIS) Dataset. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/ab4vwo accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.
The Wildlife Information Centre, 2018. TWIC Biodiversity Field Trip Data (1995-present). Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/ljc0ke accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.
Yorkshire Wildlife Trust, 2018. Yorkshire Wildlife Trust Shoresearch. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/1nw3ch accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.
This review can be cited as:
Last Updated: 29/05/2008